Standard Model explanations for the small mass increases found between certain atomic isotopes are very convoluted. You not only have to deal with the many different types of quarks that could be present, you have to supplement everything you do by varying the binding energy to explain any remaining discrepancy. Two nuclei with very close masses might have widely separated magnetic moment values. It is supposed to be a sign of unmatched protons or neutrons that supply this magnetic effect, but the values are all over the spectrum. Instead, as indicated on the POWER CURVES page of this website, if atoms and nuclei are like particles then it should be easy to find supporting evidence to explain these mass increments.
Figure 1B was generated using the same power curve scheme as in the graphs on the POWER CURVES page. It shows only pairs or trios of particles and nuclei that have mass increments less than that of the muon, which puts it between the electron and muon where no other particles exist. The graph plots the magnetic moments versus the masses of particles and nuclei beginning with the proton/neutron pair. A straight line connects the pairs or trios of particles or nuclei and shows how much the magnetic moments change with just a small change in mass. Curve slopes are not important for this particular graph.
The following series data are formatted in the following manner: they are ordered from the lightest to the heaviest, followed by whether the mass increase is on an ascending (A) or descending (D) magnetic moment curve, then the mass difference in kilograms between adjacent items, and finally the ratio of the masses of adjacent items. For reference purposes, Series 1 is the magneton curve used on the POWER CURVES page.
Series 2: proton and neutron – D – 2.305570E-30 – 1.001378
Series 3: sigmas (+/0/-) – D – 5.6689E-30, 8.710E-30 – 1.002674, 1.004097
Series 4: xi (0/-) – A – 1.144468E-29 – 1.0048825
Series 5: 3He and 3H – D – 3.30000E-32 – 1.0000066
Series 6: 11Be and 11Li – A – 2.589296E-29 – 1.001414
Series 7: 13C and 13N – D – 9.288816E-29 – 1.004320
Series 8: 15N, 15O & 15C – A – 4.910553E-30, 1.251050E-29 – 1.000197, 1.000502
Series9: 19F and 19Ne – D – 5.773328E-30 – 1.0001830
Series 10: 29Si and 29P – A – 8.810985E-30 – 1.0001831
Series 11: 111Cd and 111Ag – D – 1.848180E-30 – 1.0000100
Series 12: 113Cd, 113Sn, 113Ag – D – 1.285E-30, 2.318E-30 –1.0000069, 1.0000124
Series 13: 115Sn, & 115Cd – A – 3.458902E-30 – 1.0000181
The most telling information shown is the ratio of masses. Series 5 and the first half of series 12 are very close, as are series 9 and 10, as well as series 11 and the first half of series 14. Another point of interest lies in similar jumps between elements in different groups of series. For instance, if we compare series 5 to series 12 (first separation), the jump is exceedingly close to 7E-6, and series 11 to series 14 (first separation) the jump is about 10E-6. Even series 2 and 6 are very close. Looking at the group of series from 11 through 14, the ratios are all in the same range, with values of 7, 10, 12, 18 and 20 times 1E-6.
An interesting but purely numerical fact is the change in atomic numbers. There is a magnitude change by the addition of 100 to the elemental numbering scheme. 11Be, 11Li, 13C, 13N, 15N, 15O and 15C jump to 111Cd, 111Ag, 113Cd, 113Sn, 113Ag, 115Sn, and 115Cd. The same is true for 29Si and 29P, which jump to 129Xe and 129Cs. The only set missing is the higher order ones for 19F and 19Ne. It could be that this is just coincidence, but with so few items in the list to begin with that seems unlikely. It is not clear what significance is implied by this magnitude jump, but there are numerous other such coincidences within the field of particle and atomic physics that the SM does not attempt to address. The magnetic constant being exactly 1E-7 times 4pi for example.
To sum up the issue of mass versus magnetic moment, it appears that mass ratios are as significant as mass increments for nuclei construction. This can be seen when comparing the mass ratios between such differently sized nuclei as 3He over 3H compared to 113Cd over 113Sn, where the difference is very close but not identical. The same is true for 29Si over 29P compared to 115Sn over 115Cd, which are also close though not identical. The implication here is that magnetic moments are a high value indicator for the stability of small mass changes in particle or nuclei construction.
While all of the presented information can be made to fit with the quark/binding energy scenario, a better explanation is that mass is added or subtracted from nuclei based on a percentage of the total mass. This again supports particle-like behavior for the nuclei just like the particle family information from the POWER CURVES page, and the spherical atom shape from the “H2O” page.
